Short Term Asset Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1959 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Short term Asset Management Table of Contents Introduction: The subject of Asset Management: Summery: Conclusion: References Introduction: Building of portfolio depends on the investment decision. The success of the portfolio depends on the wise investment decision. The investment decision shall consider all the factors like macroeconomics, microeconomic factors and time before building up the portfolio. Perfect blend of the high risk security and low risk securities gives the opportunity to maximize profit out of investment. There is plenty of options available to the investor to build strong portfolio with the mix of securities and debt instruments. The world has changed so much in last 100 years. The necessity of development has brought drastic changes within the society and in the socio-economic structure. During royal era and the emphasis was on the accumulation of wealth and here the developed financial market emphasises on distribution and allocation of wealth. Developed countries wanted to spread development across the board and cutting across the social classes. The people of these developed countries gave mu ch importance in mutual development of the society. The private sector for open market economies plays predominant role in development of the society, infrastructure and per capita income. The people of these countries do have wealth to spend on food, education and healthcare. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Short Term Asset Management" essay for you Create order The subject of Asset Management: The management of investment has major relation in terms of the asset management. The funds which are actively managed are those funds which are managed by the fund managers. The fund managers take active decisions on like choosing the company where the fund will be invested have access to the research on different companies and are in connection with those companies constantly. The fund managers actively analyse the prospect of the company before taking any investment decision. The main intention of the fund managers is to provide the best possible returns in comparison to the stock market. The fund managers take the ultimate call to put money. If these fund managers feel that specific sector in performing well or have the opportunity to grow the fund managers actively pursues and chases that company. The simple difference is that the passive management tracks and charges very less compared to active management. The funds are essentially run by the computer. The passive investo r seeks very little information in comparison to active investors. The passive investors invest based on the historical data available. The active managers underperform in comparison to passive management due to higher cost. The government now days have become very proactive to push business and industry. The business and industry now-a-days cannot run in isolation and they are not insulated from the factors influencing global and domestic issues. These factors discussed above have to be taken into consideration to set up a business in any country. These factors affect those companies which have global presence. Pure and proper understanding of these macroeconomic factors is important to understand globalization. The globalization is the effect of integration of economies. It cannot be denied that the globalization has helped many poor countries to sell its products to the industrialized nations. The globalization has helped many countries to empower its residents. The globalizat ion is the need of this hour. The growth is known as the increase in the GDP or gross domestic product of any country. The GDP is the sum total of the goods and services produced in one financial year. The positive growth is the indicator of the good financial system. The factors like global economy, crude prices and Forex variation do impact in the growth in the country. The GDP growth is not only create opportunity in the economy it creates employment. The sluggish growth is one of the main reasons for mass unemployment. The Growth of the economy can be measured by Real GDP growth and by growth in purchasing power parity method. The study suggests that 65% of the active management underperform than passive management. The examination by DFA found that active fund managers, between 2004 and 2009 did not perform very well. On average 5.7% of the actively managed fund disappeared. Only, 1.4 % of the fund had outperformed their benchmark every year. Of the five years ending on Septemb er, 2010 only 4.1% of the large cap funds, 3.8% of the mid cap funds and 4.6 % of the small cap fund performed in the top ranking fund. The average income of the retail investor during the above period was lesser than the institutional investors. The active management is better than passive management if the performance is judged by the return the investors have earned (Erickson, 2014). The downturn due to global economic crisis, created enough problem for financial intuitions worldwide. The world economic crisis in 2008 affected every corner of the world. Declining oil price and withdrawing of the funds created a vacuum in the financial market all around the world. The main risk factor in the asset management is related to macroeconomic development and the change in the global economic scenario. The competitive environment and the investment direction is the main area for the asset management companies. The global economic down turn has showed indicated the fact that the global asset management companies managed their asset most inefficient ways. The challenges now a days asset management companies are facing is related to confidence building. The confidence of the asset management companies are shaken after the global economic down turn. The period before the crisis the asset management was totally different from all points (Pinedo, 2013). The undue reliance on the short term incentives led to the cause of financial crisis in 2008. The short term incentives are the main reason for faulty practice of the AMC. The asset management companies are not immune to the macroeconomic factors and the regulatory changes. There are also some of the issues related to the complexity of the product offered by the asset management companies and the lack of transparency is also the cause of concern. The regulatory risk is also one of the important part in asset management. The short term asset management is facing the regulatory risk from US and EU as these two has s tate are in the environment of regulatory flux. There are several constraints faced by the global asset managers. The constraints are foreign exchange risk, regulatory risk and other risk. The foreign exchange contains are the biggest challenge for the global fund managers. The banks and financial institutions participate in the forex market. The market deal sand trades with the currencies of different countries. Apart from banks and financial institutions there are other corporate houses who have forex exposure also participates in forex market (David Mayes, 2007). International companies, whose revenues are exposed to volatility of foreign exchange movement, do take position in Forex market to hedge its positions. The forex market is the most liquid market in the world and average trading volume exceeds $1.9 trillion every day. There is no market place for forex trading but the trading is done over the counter. The forex market remains open for 24 hours a day for five days in a week. The major financial centres for forex trading are London, New York, Tokyo, Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris, Sydney. The regulatory constraints include the blocking of dividend due to change in the government tax policies. There are other constraints in terms of transferring of funds to the parent company from subsidiary company or vice versa. The management fees, consultancy fees, tax and other fees payment for the parent and the subsidiary is the main area of concern for the fund managers (Kim Kim, 2009). Summery: The performance of the asset managers were notable in the sense that the fund managers managed to give much better return in comparison to the retail investors who managed their investment in passive mode. The passive investors do not invest in index fund rather they hold investment in the stock till they require money. The asset managers take active decisions on like choosing the company where the fund will be invested have access to the research on different companies and are in connection with those companies constantly. The fund managers actively analyse the prospect of the company before taking any investment decision. The main intention of the fund managers is to provide the best possible returns in comparison to the stock market. The fund managers take the ultimate call to put money. If these fund managers feel that specific sector in performing well or have the opportunity to grow the fund managers actively pursues and chases that company (Greg B. Davies, 2012).. Conclusion: These factors discussed above have to be taken into consideration to set up a business in any country. These factors affect those companies which have global presence. Pure and proper understanding of these macroeconomic factors is important to understand globalization. The globalization is the effect of integration of economies. It cannot be denied that the globalization has helped many poor countries to sell its products to the industrialized nations. The globalization has helped many countries to empower its residents. The globalization is the need of this hour. The growth is known as the increase in the GDP or gross domestic product of any country. The GDP is the sum total of the goods and services produced in one financial year. The positive growth is the indicator of the good financial system. The factors like global economy, crude prices and Forex variation do impact in the growth in the country. The GDP growth is not only create opportunity in the economy it creates empl oyment. The sluggish growth is one of the main reasons for mass unemployment. The Growth of the economy can be measured by Real GDP growth and by growth in purchasing power parity method. References David Mayes, J. T. (2007). Open Market Operations and Financial Markets; https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eax8AgAAQBAJpg=PA282dq=open+market+operations+and+financial+marketshl=ensa=Xei=PtkgVZfHOoyauQTv4oDYBQved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=open market operations and fin. Abingdon: Routledge. Erickson, M. P. (2014). Asset Rotation: The Demise of Modern Portfolio Theory and the Birth of an Investment Renaissance; https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5FfOAwAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=investment+and+portfolio+theoryhl=ensa=Xei=qnqPVcX9FMT-8QX7sJC4BAved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#. In M. P. Erickson, Asset Rotation: The Demise of Modern Portfolio Theory and the Birth of an Investment Renaissance (pp. 10-15). Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Greg B. Davies, A. d. (2012). Behavioral Investment Management: An Efficient Alternative to Modern Portfolio Theory: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vj6TC-wsY_sCprintsec=frontcoverdq=investment+and+portfolio+theoryhl=ensa=X An Efficient Alternative to Modern Portfo lio Theory;. In A. d. Greg B. Davies, Behavioral Investment Management: An Efficient Alternative to Modern Portfolio Theory: An Efficient Alternative to Modern Portfolio Theory; (pp. 3-8). New York: McGraw Hill Professional. Kim, S., Kim, S. (2009). Global Corporate Finance: Text and Cases; https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ooabd-PVKacCpg=PA370dq=short+term+asset+managementhl=ensa=Xei=eC6QVaPpKtOC8gWnmYZwved=0CD0Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepageq=short term asset managementf=false. In S. K. Suk Kim, Global Corporate Finance: Text and Cases (pp. 370-375). Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Pinedo, M. (2013). Global Asset Management: Strategies, Risks, Processes, and Technologies; https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EebQAQAAQBAJpg=PA606dq=short+term+asset+managementhl=ensa=Xei=FB-QVeviK8Hi8AXtiKyACAved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=short term asset manag. In M. Pinedo, Global Asset Management: Strategies, Risks, Processes, and Technologies; (pp. 601-608). New York: Palgrave Macmilla.

China s Political And Social Structures - 1015 Words

China is the fastest emerging political power in the world, a power that in a short amount of time turned from a third-rate industrial nation with lots of raw potential, to the second largest economy and one of the largest militaries in the world. But is China’s political and social structures unique? Certainly, the Chinese system possesses certain aspects similar to what already exists in other modern nation-states and their governments, however, it is how these pieces coelute together into a coherent political and economic machine that makes the model unique. Politically, the Chinese Communist Party is quite unique. Most authoritarian political parties are either dominated by party elites who only pass on power to loyalists, or merely a military regime. The CCP, however, is significantly technocratic, and much more inclusive. Many members of the CCP are not just military leaders or individuals with law degrees, they also include engineers and more recently business leaders. Furthermore, although there is a level of patronage in Chinese politics and society known as Guanxi, in fact as Mingxing Liu states in his paper about advancement in the CCP Central Committee â€Å"the literature suggests that leaders were able to stay in power because they engaged in factional politics instead of selecting the most capable ofï ¬ cials† (Victor Shih 2012) However, that was during the pre-Xi Jinping eras and quantifiable efforts have been made to combat corruption, especially in localShow MoreRelatedThe Underlying Profitability Of Importing American Books Into Chinese Market Through The Aspect Of Culture And Economy Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction China Zhijian Publishing House, founded in 2010, is a company which mainly publishes Chinese publications and about 600 categories of new books can be published every year. 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Energy for Performance in Touch Football free essay sample

This term in year 11 senior physical education we have been learning the use of the three energy systems and how they are used in the game of touch football and how they function together. To understand the energy systems, our class went through a number of fitness tests. The Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores in the muscle and lasts for approximately 2 seconds and the resynthesis of ATP from Creatine Phosphate (CP) will continue until CP stores are used up, which is approximately 4-6 seconds. This gives us around 5-10 seconds of ATP. The use of ATP in touch football is high intensity, it would be used in a 50m sprint or a pass in touch. Once the Creatine Phosphate stores have worn out, the body resorts to stored glucose for ATP. The breakdown of glucose or glycogen in anaerobic conditions results in the production of lactic acid. The build up of ions is the restrictive issue causing fatigue in runs of 300m – 800m. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy for Performance in Touch Football or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lactic acid system is most affective around 30seconds to 2-3 mins. In touch football the use of the lactic acid system may be used when wrucking the ball, as it is a constant sprint with little or no rest. The aerobic energy system utilizes protein, fats and carbohydrates (glycogen) for resynthesising ATP. The aerobic system is most effective at 5 mins onward. This energy system can be developed with various intensity runs. The types of runs are, Continuous runs – long slow runs at 50-70% of highest heart rate. This places demands on muscular and liver glycogen. The normal response by the system is to enhance muscle and liver glycogen storage capacities. This run would be the warm up run that we take of the oval before getting into the game. Extensive runs – continuous runs at 60-80% of maximum heart rate. This places demands on the system to cope with lactic acid production. Running at this level helps the removal and turnover of lactic acid and the body’s ability to tolerate the larger levels of lactic acid. The example for this run would be wrucking the ball at a high intensity work rate. Intensive runs – continuous runs at 80-90% of maximum heart rate. Lactic levels become high as these runs boarder on speed endurance. Intensive training is good for the development of anaerobic energy systems. The example of this run would be defending at a high intensity. The interrelationship between the energy systems are that they are all used in a game of touch football. The use of ATP when sprinting a short distance, the use of lactic acid when wrucking the ball, and the use of the different types of intensity runs. ! In touch football I either play in the middle because I have good ball and communication skills and ready to take responsibility for wrucking the ball down the field in attack. As a centre player I have ability to go forward with good acceleration, be aerobically fit, have knowledge of wrucking patterns, leadership qualities, quick reaction skills, a high work rate and the ability to maintain pressure. I also have a good strength and average muscular endurance. I also play in the wing and I’m generally the main scorer with sustained speed, good anticipation, good support skills, good finisher, good defender, good evasive skills, involvement, good hands and knowledge of the wing defence policy I believe that my level of proficiency in touch football is above average. I have superior hand eye coordination because of all the sports I have played over a number of years which is an advantage for me touch football skills. My fitness level is average, touch football is a continuous sport where you just keep going whereas I’m use to short explosive breaks. I believe my energy systems have coped a lot better than I thought they would. I feel as if my cardio could improve because after a full game of touch football I feel slightly tired, as fatigue sets in after 10+ minutes of play.

Effects of Genetic Food Modulation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about how people are suffering due to hunger all over the world. Answer: Introduction Nowadays many people in the emerging world is suffering from hunger and starvation as the food produces is less than the production of population, therefore less number of choices are available. Thus advances in science and knowledge are critically has meet the unnerving challenges by feeding the worlds population (ScienceDirect, 2018). Genetic modified technology has allowed most of the people in globally to have access to a diverse and abundant supply of food stock that is safe to eat. Apart from that it is comparatively more nutritious and additional less expensive (QUARTZ, 2018). Genetic engineering Genetic engineering is used for controlling gens in an organism which proves to make organism better. Most of the genetic engineering is practiced in agriculture sector. Genetic Engineering has several benefits in the production of food industry which oppose to unfavorable climatic conditions, insect infections and saves form disease (Harlander, Roller 2012). It also reduces the amount of efforts needed on farming, thus saves the energy. Genetic engineering is the reason for reducing the world hunger as it severs the food at low price. It is used to change and improve the organism. The genetically modified methods provide economic growth to farmers which lead to food safety. Genetic engineering is faster and trending in the world as it prevents undesirable gens from entering in the breed (Conserve Energy Future, 2018). There are several benefits of genetic engineering in agricultural sector, economic sector to food processing methods. As by using Genetic methodology (GM) the production of food crops has increased to millions, in short it is estimated that around 300 million acre land is required. This was made possible by availability of bio technologies which maintained the level of production of food (Walsh and Rooyen, 2015). Not only agricultural sector is benefited by there is a high economic gain by the advanced genetic production as it reduces the cost of pesticide and usage of herbicides (Thebalance, 2018). Effects of Genetic food modulation This genetic technology started in year 2011 by common wealth scientific and industrial research team of Australia, there are various reasons why this technology is been practiced. As the population is rising day by day, the expansion of worlds population provides involvement of using GMO. The major contribution of GMO is to remove starvation around the world. Obliteration of hunger globally is n higher priority of GMO. Justification As the population is increasing rapidly demand for crops is boosting globally. Therefore it is important to improve the production of crops. The current scenario showcase that the rate of increase in crop yield is 1.7% only, on the other hand annual increment in need of crop yields should is around 2.4% to meet the demands of people. Therefore, to meet the demand of people and serve the population with nutritional food is possible only by adopting means of optimization of crop. It is one of the important topic has it is beneficial in terms of potential risks and environmental effects for both consumers and producers of food. Genetically modified organism basically aims for curing all the short term and long lasting health problems (Tumushabe, 2018.). Statics showed that genetically modified food is increasing the yield of production of food by more than 22% thats the reasons it is been used. Specially, where the problem of food used to occur have adopted genetically modified method. It is important as it provides food security by increasing yield it is used in various industries from medical industry to natural environmental. It provides immunity to diseases. It is a set of technology which changed the structure of cells and it is responsible for life on the Earth. Genetic engineering also plays a key role in medical industry for diagnosing several diseases and defects in clinical (Rosen and Shapouri, 2018.). Detection methods are prepared to reduce the control of these organisms. It also provides advanced considerate of function and organization. There are food crises all over the world. Farmers in country lose some millions of corers every year in pests and curing of diseases due to lack of facilities. To increase the resistance of pests and insects genetic modification is used in order to boost the productivity and overall food supply so that there is no starvation. As consumption of food has increased in the recent decades the industry is focusing on improving the quality of production basically improving nutritional properties. The reduction of production cause huge risk and massive economic loss, therefore development of new technology has provided industry the opportunity for better food process. In last years the level of availability of food tock as gown downwards, as the production of crop is vulnerable according to the climatic conditions and other natural disasters. World Health Organization (WHO) have also provided high marks to GM crops as it provides safety assessments and reduces the risk in human health. According to World Health Organization no effects on human health is noted due to consumption of GM food and have been approved for the consumption. Apart from that population is growing day by day, the predication for production of mass is uncertain. This is the reason food shortage occur in some countries. The problem of food shortage is resolved by new biotechnology which offers tool by which satisfactory amount of food is produced, which assures food has been supplied to entire population (Von et. al, 2015.). Genetic modified technology has gained popularity in the eras it makes the product available in the market. Also, it is more appropriate for development of market strategies of the product. The development of this technology has benefited the development of communication between consumers. Operational communication helps consumers in making decisions about the products (Osiemo, 2018.). Apart from that GMO involves production of high quality of food by manipulating the composition of carbohydrates. It also improves food processing methodology by modifying it, it not only modifies the plant production but it is also valid for animal products. Genetic modification provides several profits by increasing yield, reducing cost and decrease environmental damage. It also provides modified quality of food by offering improved food to the consumer. This truly improves the flavors of the product which upsurges the economic impact in the market. As the production can be done is less time, and requirement of less land which resolves the problem of soil erosion or environmental problems. It is also used for vaccination purpose as it generates protein and according to scientific research the modification of crop reduces crop failures and reduces the chances of diseases (Godfray and Garnett, 2014). Hunger Problem in Africa In last years the cry for hunger has widespread across Africa. In this country millions of people are undernourished. Millions of individuals were dying due to hunger chronic and threats. Food crises in Africa were growing yearly then effort of New Green Resolution was taken to provide at least double of yield production (Pray and Ledermann, 2016). Hunger is constant pain for Africans and is resolved by feeding programs in the areas where there is lack of food. Preventing and overcoming the fight of malnutrition and saving the people who are starving. The reason for this suffer is extreme poverty in the country, climate changes to growth of population. Still there are around more than 800 million individuals who sleep without eating or dying due to starvation. By genetic modulation of food technology it can be thought of ending the hunger problem in the world (Walsh and Van, 2015). Especially African countries have adopted this technology which supported farmers to access to better seeds and techniques. The significance of GMO is ending the hunger problem in the world, supporting malnutrition and overcoming the problem of poverty. Africa took a step ahead for overcoming the fight against hunger and malnutrition. GMO helps countries who are suffering from food insecurity and prosperity. Therefore, Africa focuses on increasing the production of crops for improving food security (Biesalski et. al, 2016.). But the problem of malnutrition needs to be solved too. Farmers are guided to solve the problem of nourishing. The problem of hunger in Africa was resolved by genetically modified crops for public controversy. It increases the production of food in Africa and made food available to wider range. It impacts the food nutrients by growing the economic access to food (Zheng, Tashiro, Wang and Sonomoto, 2015). The main reason behind hunger in Africa was unexpected drought condition, poor harvest methodology. The less food gets harvested which is one of the reason for hunger. It was estimated by UN Food and Agriculture Organization that 233 million people were undernourished in 2016. One of the benefits of GMO has helped in undertaking the problem of food hunger. Growing of these crops has proven the growth in agriculture segment. The GM technology has produced economic growth in the country which leads to resolve the problem of starvation. These crops are feeding more people as they are cheaper to grow and extended the time and increased yields to provide food to hungry. GM crops are severing profit to the industry as it is pushing farmers by advanced technology to develop more crops. Not only reducing food hunger it has largely beneficial for society as it improves food protection. It produces animals and plants with beneficial qualities and has become a part for improvement in food industry (Hu and Xiong, 2014). Another challenge is growing of the gap between food securities around the world. Some of food which gets harvested remains unused because of poor handling of the food processing step. Starvation and malnutrition is spreading all over including Africa. To decrease the gap food distribution system is important. Meeting the needs of growing population by increasing the production of millions of people is a difficult task. But to endure the issue of hunger and starvation application of genetic modulation is used to neglect hunger and fed population growth (Ali et. al, 2014). Application of GMO has intensely enlarged the production of food keeping in mind about the population growth. It has increased the variety of production by substantial cost. Proving nutrients and high graded food is possible by this technology. Due to the advanced technologies it has led to reduction in nutrient deficiency as it generally offers safe food supply to the society with consistent high quality. By using GMO food supply is available independently in all the seasons and wide variety of food choices is available at all the time. It has also reduced food waste and lowered the household costs than before as the production supply the market is served at nominal price. The food requires usually less preparation time than beforehand, also promises for efficient global food distribution. Food is dominant or directly related to human health, not only quantity is considered but quality of food plays an important role as well. The past few decades have perceived to be the alarming years in increasing of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease as well as autoimmune diseases (Runge, Senauer, Pardey and Rosegrant, 2015). Basic research showed that for growing body food and diet are significant factors . Occurrence of these diseases in human body is profound to be a risk factor as involvement in the etiology of diseases. Therefore, whether it is food safety or food security prevention of disease and nutrient deficiency need to be resolved as it is directly connected to human well-being. Problem Solved by using GMO This technology has resolved the problem of hunger in Africa and showed hoe his technology has achieved the production of food by feeding millions of people. It also assured the health condition and wellness of the population (Kogen, 2015). GMO technology has met the need of society by adequate production of food. Food system produced by GMO is safe, reliable and less costly. Bio technology method helps in modifying the problem of inadequate nutrition. Low availability of food is major reason of using GMO as genetic alterations protect plant and insects against pests. It is most commonly used for overcome the demand of food and serve quality services to the customers in terms of product. To overcome the hunger and poverty GMO act as a fast market for serving food consumption. It assures that there will be no damage in the health of an organism (Nicolia, Manzo, Veronesi and Rosellini, 2014.). GMO supports in providing more food in less amount of land according to the biotechnologies GMO improves the livelihood globally. It is also used to reduce pesticides and increases the yields for preventing the damage ecologically. It is the tool which was used by Africans to fight against dissimilarity and avoid hunger and poverty in the world. Genetically modified crops possibly fail to germinate rather than it kill organisms additional to pests that are beneficial for reducing soil fertility and provides resistance to virus and protect crop species. Conclusion Genetic modification is one of the reasons to provide alteration in food stock. Many farmers in Africa have adopted this technology to resolve the issue of starvation in Africa. In this method all food is modified genetically, seeds dont grow naturally due to some issues thats the reason why GMO is used to feed the population all over the world. To feed the fast growing population traditional methods wouldnt be sufficient. Therefore, selective GM methods are used and they are used for improvement of health condition and the environment factors. Thus with the experience of new technology of GM, it indicates that hungry world can be served with quality of food. In short it escapes the hunger and malnutrition from the society. References Ali, A., Muzaffar, A., Awan, M.F., Din, S., Nasir, I.A. and Husnain, T., 2014. Genetically Modified Foods: Engineered tomato with extra advantages.Adv. life sci,1(3), pp.139-152. Biesalski, H.K., Black, R.E. and Koletzko, B. eds., 2016.Hidden hunger: Malnutrition and the first 1,000 days of life: Causes, consequences and solutions(Vol. 115). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. Conserve Energy Future, 2018, what is Genetic Engineering, viewed 11 February, https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/what-is-genetic-engineering.php . Godfray, H.C.J. and Garnett, T., 2014. Food security and sustainable intensification.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B,369(1639), p.20120273. Harlander, S, Roller S 2012, Genetic Modification in the Food Industry: A Strategy for Food Quality Improvement, Springer Science Business Media. Hu, H. and Xiong, L., 2014. Genetic engineering and breeding of drought-resistant crops.Annual review of plant biology,65, pp.715-741. Kogen, L., 2015. Not up for debate: US news coverage of hunger in Africa.International Communication Gazette,77(1), pp.3-23. Nicolia, A., Manzo, A., Veronesi, F. and Rosellini, D., 2014. An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research.Critical reviews in biotechnology,34(1), pp.77-88. Osiemo, O., 2018. Saving Africa: The GMO Cold War and the Battle for Africa.Journal of World Trade,52(1), pp.143-162. Pray, C. and Ledermann, S., 2016. Genetically engineered crops and certified organic agriculture for improving nutrition security in Africa and South Asia. InHidden Hunger(Vol. 115, pp. 175-183). Karger Publishers. 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