Michael Coppola Essays - Civil Disobedience, Violence, Activism

Michael Coppola Civil Disobedience Part 2 Civil disobedience is the refusal to comply with certain laws as a peaceful form of political protest. When civil disobedience is practiced when appropriate, it can be beneficial to the development of our society. Many past instances of civil disobedience resulted in positive changes in the structure of our society. In between marches, sit-ins, and demonstrations, found in texts 1, 3 and 4, they cause a huge increase in awareness that diverts the changes in society to a positive path. Civil disobedience brings awareness to both problems in society and solutions to those given issues. Within text 1, "Roughly 1,000 young activists [were] marching through the streets of Washington" with the goal to bring awareness to a "Broken' political system". On line 6, activists "blocked traffic and shut down intersections", causing everyone to pay attention to their invaluable message. People couldn't help but to notice the masses of protesters chanting their message. Many everyday commuters had to pass by this demonstration and had acknowledged their message. Alongside this protest, In text 3, 13 Greenpeace activists had attached harnesses to themselves and dangled themselves off the edge of St. John's Bridge in Portland, Oregon. After this courageous and brave demonstration, blocking boats and attracting hundreds of citizens to watch this awe inspiring act, many of these spectators had also paid attention to their crucial message. Some may say although these people relayed their message, some may argue that it was a great disfavor to society, due to the fact that they had stopped great amounts of traffic and work to bring awareness. In text 4, hundreds of students didn't attend to their classes and instead filled the front of the school, protesting against the unrealistic curriculum, stopping the whole school from achieving any kind of work. When you need to be successful, sometimes you must "Take a small hit for the big heist". Sacrificing a part of a day, making a small dent in society is a cost for being able to spread a message to all, for the greater good. Dante Barry from text 1 claims that, " We are here to take a stand, and to make our mark for a better future for the next generation". They needed to leave a mark, or dent to leave a piece of history to inspire many to change for the better, and to leave a long lasting message. Given the supporting evidence, it is very clear that civil disobedience is a healing factor in society in the long run. In between the marches in texts 1 and the activists in text 3, their message will be a long lasting and meaningful seed in societies developments. Although some people may think that demonstrations may harm society, the evidence shows this is not the case.

Valuation In Accounting Research

Valuation In Accounting Research Free Online Research Papers Introduction This topic focuses on share and firm valuation because when we talk about firm valuation, the most important element is the determination of a share’s price. Valuation is closely linked to capital budgeting, risk, returns and the cost of capital because a return model is a transformation of the valuation model, and the discount rate used in valuation and capital budgeting is either a part or wholly the cost of capital. Contents ? Valuation of critical: Maximise the firm’s value/ordinary shares Estimating the cost of capita ? Three models: Dividend Growth Valuation Models Link to value shares Theorises that Dividend payments constitutes value- Dividend may be increased or decreased depending on earnings Represents equity or ownership Includes voting rights Priority: lower than debt and preferred We can simplify the pattern for dividend payment as follows: The dividend has a zero growth rate, and r is also known as the market capitalisation rate (MCR) or the hurdle rate because the investor expects his â€Å"true† rate to be higher than the market rate or the hurdle rate. r is also called the holding period return, the HPR assumes that investors in securities would expect to get some of cash dividends and capital gains from the eventual sale of the shares. Dividends-Discounting Model (DDM) Where :?= sum of the series E [Dt] = Expected dividends in period t This formula is equivalent to valuing the market value of the firm’s equity at the present value since buying stocks is in fact buying a part of a firm Since future cash flows are constant, the value of a zero growth stock is the present value of perpetuity: zero growth CDVM Where: D= Constant dividend r= Required rate of return This formula is useful for investors who want to know the historical rate of return for a company’s stock, and also when the investor wished to determine the expected required rate of return for the future value of a firm’s stock The dividend growths as a constant rate Since future cash flows grow at a constant rate forever, the value of a constant growth stock is the present value of growing perpetuity: However, discounting the above successively depends on r and g: ? if r=g, the share would be infinite ? if rg, the dividends would grow The DDM models and rate of return it can changeable Free-Cash Flow Valuation models Link to value firm FCF is defined as the cash flow left over after deducting the costs of operations (purchases and expenses) and new investments from revenues (sales) FCF= Net Income (NI) + Depreciation-Cost-Investment Where: Vo =Value of firm at time t FCFt = CFOt Invt or FCFt = Nit + Dept ?WC Invt Since FCF measures the cash flow from the entire firm and hence enterprise cash flow or entity cash flow is more appropriate, which is based on the comprehensive basis, the discount rate used in the FCF context must be the cost of capital for the entire firm, which is the weighted average cost of capital. Since FCF is firm level, the growth rate relates to the cash flows of the entire firm. Growth rate (g) = Plough back ratio x ROA = k where ROA=return on asset Residual Income Valuation Models Link to value shares The alterative to the dividend-discounting model is the residual earnings or abnormal earnings valuation models. This model no need to use dividends or cash, it based on value add book value of equity as fundamental value and forecasts if residual earnings. The Ohlson (1995) model is concerned with a single firm’s market value as it relates to contemporaneous accounting information –future earnings, book values and dividends, and other relevant information. The valuation model is set on an efficient market with risk neutrality (risk free), no arbitrage, no information asymmetry, non-stochastic interest rates and a constant term structure. This equation is formulated by substituting RI for dividend into the DDM (equation Po = Div/r) the RIVM is restatement of the DDM. Though using the RIVM, we can value the firm’s equity using fundamental accounting data and there is no need to use DDM to value equity. Thus the only relevance of the DDM is just to provide theoretical support for using the RIVM Similar to the DDM and FCF models, the RIVM of equation can also be expressed in terms of constant growth model ? The advantage of the RIVM is that it emphasizes the important of fundamental economic performance to equity valuation in particular: The difference between ROE or and the cost of equity capital r The expected rate of growth in the book value of equity RIVM can help explain prices better than the DDM or FCF for two reasons: ? By definition, any increase in RI implies value creation ? By comparing the value of the firm and MWE, we can determine whether the share price is over valued or under value Conclusion ? Advantages of DDM (1) Very intuitive-it is easy to understand the DDM in that dividends are cash flows paid directly to shareholders. (2) The model is parsimonious. (3) Operationalization of the DDM is straightforward and easy to apply. ? Disadvantages (1) Obviously, the DDM only works for firms which pay dividends. (2) The DDM does not explicitly account for risk. (3) We need to make an estimate of the firm’s growth rate, g, but this can be difficult to do in practice. (4) As seen in point (2) above, we are not able to explicitly account for risk. (5) Estimates of the shares’ value are very sensitive to our estimates of g and r. (6) The DDM only works for firms which pay dividends. The dividends and residual income approach attempts to maximize shareholders’ wealth while the FCF approach attempts to maximize the wealth of the enterprise. Research Papers on Valuation In Accounting ResearchIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasCapital PunishmentRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Best Self Exercise Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best Self Exercise - Coursework Example I remember one time when I graduated high school and about to enter college, my parents strongly suggested that I go to the university near our community because it was easy to access and most of my friends were already enrolled in that university. However, my goal was already set and I was determined to go to a different university my parents opposed to. I wanted to go to a different university certainly not because I wanted to defy my parents but because I trust myself that I could perform very well if enrolled in the university where the course I wanted was offered. I thought that I could be a better person and successful professional if I would be provided the chance to decide for myself. I was indeed fearful of leaving most of my friends behind and being somewhat far from my parents, but I thought of the kind of development and learning process that a new educational environment could bring me. I saw the opportunity of meeting new people, experimenting more about life all by mys elf, and just simply allowing myself to metamorphose into a more mature and responsible individual. To cut the story short, I took my chances of enrolling in the university I wanted, regardless of its consequences, because I knew myself and I was confident enough that I could do it no matter what. Most probably, what makes me confident and daring enough to take chances is the fact that I do not fear to fail. Most people would stay in their comfort zones and not undertake things or decisions they are unfamiliar with because they do not want to fall short of their expectations. What they do not realize is that they learn more each time they fail. They become even stronger and more capable each time they are unsuccessful. I believe that failing is an inevitable part of life, and the best way to deal with it is to accept it and learn something from it. My positive and happy disposition in life also contributes a lot to my confidence and boldness. I am the type of person who strongly dis likes a routine and boring lifestyle. I do not like doing the same things at the same place and time the rest of my life. I am always hungry for adventure. I believe that there is so much about life that I have to explore myself. I do not want to miss the opportunity of trying out new things, especially those that I truly desire, and discovering what I am really capable of. Having said this, I always make sure that I stay responsible for my actions and do some life experimentations for my welfare. Life is so much fun, beautiful, and colorful but it is up to us how we live our life wonderfully. At the end of the day, I do not want to feel regretful of the things I did not do that is why I always try to do what I desire and savor the experience. Name of the 10 people who provided feedbacks: 1. Nicole Grabenhorst - friend 2. Alexander Neumeyer - neighbor 3. Mia Johnson - schoolmate 4. Maria Holzerland - friend 5. Valerie Lopez - friend 6. Addison Page - neighbor 7. Dashiell Williams - neighbor 8. Cheryl Cullin - friend 9. Linda Harper - friend 10. Tameca Aniban - schoolmate From: Nicole Grabenhorst To: (your name) Subject: RE: Feedback Request One instance where I saw you at your best was when you did bungee jumping with me. I knew it was something you never tried before, but with no hesitation you jumped and just had fun. I thought you were so brave. Another instance was when some

Benefits of Nuclear Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benefits of Nuclear Energy - Essay Example This essay stresses that generation of nuclear power forms effective utilization of nuclear energy is the most environment friendly process. Nuclear is a clean form of energy that affects the environment the least as compared with all other energy resources. The nuclear power generation plants do not emit any harmful gases (Agency, 2007). Experts regard this form of energy as one of the free of emissions energy. The waste management of nuclear energy processes is also very effective and the water or other drainage is free from pollution and satisfies the health and safety standards. This paper makes a conclusion that one major drawback of establishing a nuclear power plant is the fact that the setting of nuclear plants requires huge investments and costs. This is the main reason why the nuclear plants are usually difficult to set up. The installation cost of nuclear power plants is far greater than to those of plants of other energy sources. Moreover, it is not only the installation cost of the power plant but also the huge costs involved in providing safeguard to humankind from processes that are most likely to induce harmful effects on human beings. In addition to that, installation of these plants in remote areas makes it uncomfortable to transmit energy to distant highly populated areas. There is always a probability of people getting affected by these harmful radiations and radioactive wastes.

Performance Measurement in a Post Merger Integration Process Essay

Performance Measurement in a Post Merger Integration Process - Essay Example The objective of any merger is to increase the value of the enterprise which means the there is always an objective that helps the company to come up with such a strategy to merger with another company. This is mostly seen as a long term strategy culminating from inside research in the market as there is not firm which would like to lose its identity in the market as a result of the merger. (ndrade 2001, p. 106; Ronald and Suzanne 2000, p. 5) In the recent past, there have been increasing interest on the issue of mergers. Many people have tried to look at the effect of those mergers in the face of looking who are the real winners and who are the real losers of merger. There have been many studies which have been looking closely into the issue of outcome of the mergers and acquisitions. The outcome of these two processes has been evaluated on many grounds from economic, communication, and other performance standards. (Caves 1999, p. 4; Lipin 2000, p.4) Once we realize that the objective of any merger is to increase the value of the enterprise in the market in order to create a formidable force the can compete effectively with others in the market, it will be easy for us to analyse then how does a merger affect the operation of each firms after they merge. This paper will concentrate on assessing the post merger effects on trust building performance and communication in the new enterprise. It will review various literature and findings that have come from many researches. (Ghosh 2001, p. 13) Outcome of mergers Many studies that have conducted research on mergers and acquisition have basically centred on some of the interesting characteristics of the mergers. They have been able to categorize the effect of merge on three broad classes. The first class consist of measureing performance after a merger based on share price. The second one has categories it on profitability while the class takes in many studied which have used other effect of merger success. (Paul 2002, p. 49) As we mentioned earlier the aim of any merger is to ensure that there is success of a business. This success should not only be measured in term of finical success but also in the degree of integration the two firms. In this regard cultural integration is one of the most important aspects that help the merger to succeed. Whether a merger can be considered a success based on the financial implication depends on many factors including the benchmark that is used to evaluate the merger. Many studies have concentrated on the share price of the firm pre and post merger as a measure of success in themes. This is often based on the confidence the investors will have on the merger. In this regard, the revenue of the firm is used as bench mark for evaluating the success of the firm since the dynamic trend in the share price of a firm will depend on the revenue collection of the firm. (Sitkin 1996, p. 17; Kaplan 2000, p. 243) Based on the financial performance of the mergers, studies that have been carried out shows that 82% of all mergers evaluated have shown success in the share price and economic performance. However it has also been shown that more that 50% of all mergers do not meet the expectations of the investors with majority of them failing to attain the objectives of the new merger. Once a merger is planned, there

Tidal Energy Solutions SWOT Analysis

Tidal Energy Solutions SWOT Analysis Running header: SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis In todays world there is a major dependence on fossil fuels for our power needs. There are other forms of energy out there like solar and wind but they do not currently offer a good supplement to easing our use of fossil fuels. That is where Tide Energy Solutions (TES) comes in. There goal is to cut its use in half. Allowing for our limited supply to be used primarily for vehicle use and leaving our country to be run by its most prevalent resource, water. The ocean which covers 70 percent of the earth has massive potential in electrical production. The California based company has developed a new buoy based power generating plant which will take the â€Å"motion of the ocean† and turn this into useable energy. The simple description of how it works is easy to explain. Have you ever used a bobber when you went fishing? If you have or even have seen it done then you know that if there is any disturbance in the water then the bobber will rise with the water level. In the ocean there are constantly waves. By placing a much larger â€Å"bobber† they are able to take the rising motion created by the oceans waves and turn it into energy. The bottom of the buoy is heavily weighted so as a wave comes in, the buoyant top pulls away from the bottom driving the generators piston creating power. This power can then be transferred to land by a cable connected directly to the buoy or transferred to a ocean power management facility which can then send it out. Using SWOT analysis we can take a closer look to see the viability of the company. Internal Strengths Weaknesses 1. Unique patented product that is not easily duplicated. 2. Cost of sustaining energy production is marginal when compared to cost of sustaining fossil fuel production. 3. Renewable energy allows continuous operation. 4. Relatively new field. 5. Environmentally friendly. 6. Unique coating will protect product parts from salt water erosion for many years. 7. Company located on the coast so highway transport is not needed, saving cost. 1. High initial production cost. 2. Manufacturing process has low turnaround. 3. Maintenance can be costly/difficult on an in-place unit. 4. Degradation of metal parts will eventually occur in salt water and the unit will need to be replaced. 5. Limited data on length of life of product. 6. Geographically limiting factors External Opportunities Threats 1. Need for new forms of power. 2. Ability to produce power without limiting factors such as sun light or wind. 3. With more advancement cost to implement will become lower. 4. Environmentally pollution free. 1. New company could imitate or create more effective product. 2. Power giants. 3. Larger company with infrastructure could take over. 4. Environmental concerns over effect on sea life. 5. Cost could out weigh gains. Strengths There are many strengths to TES and they are as follows. First is the patented equipment developed and employed by them. No other company currently offers a product that uses our specific technology. This means that the ability for another company to attempt to catchup down the road is much less likely. Also given the limited nature of other companies in the market there arent many competitors that offer buoy specific technology. Another great strength is that compared to the daily cost to run fossil fuel processing plant, with workers, transport of raw materials, processing, etc. the daily operating cost of their product is virtually nothing. Although there are many aspects to keeping a processing plant running on a day to day basis, however the product simply needs to be put in place and wired to a power plant. While the cost of energy production remains so low there is also the fact that the main source the product is renewable, non-polluting, and widely available. Also through a partnering with a marine aquatics company they have been able to find a new underwater coating that will prevent damage to the metal components for 30 years compared to many of todays current products which will only last half that. Then there is the fact they are located on the coast with their own water access. This allows them to ship directly anywhere in the world and because they are used in the ocean there is no need to transport them over highways. A benefit to this is the money and time saved not having to determine logistical routes, obtaining transportation permits, and additional problems with road travel. Weaknesses Where there are strengths there are bound to be weaknesses. The first is the high initial cost of the power plant. There are many factors that have to be accounted for when they are being placed. They have to be built and loaded on to a properly equipped ship to be taken to there location, cable has to be run from the buoy location to an appropriate power plant and if one doesnt exist one may have to be built or a new location selected. Another weakness is the amount of time to produce the devices. Due to the newness of the field and low demand, manufacturing techniques are not at a level for quick mass production. Maintenance will also be a concerning issue. Maintenance will have to be performed underwater or by removing the power plant so that it may worked on out of water. Although both tasks are simple in itself the equipment and training required would be a unique skill set among todays market. Product life is an area were there is an element of uncertainty. While confident that the product is quality made, unpredictable factors could occur as they have not had a model subjected to 30 years of real world use. There are also factors that could cause limited geographic placement of the product. Things such as the wiring that is run to the power plant, existing underwater obstructions, and current marine shipping routes. The final weakness to mention is the fact that although there is an anticipated 30 year life, saltwater will eventually cause a degradation of metal components that will lead to large scale part replacement or replacement of the entire unit. Opportunities Next we will look at the opportunities that are available. Firstly anyone can tell you that there is a greater need for alternative energy sources. While this does not propose a solution to all of them, it can alleviate and substitute a growing need. The benefit to this energy source is greater than current technologies with solar and wind. Solar and wind technologies have their limiting factors. Such as solar on being viable in sunny open areas and only useable obvious during the day. Wind turbines have a limited amount of places that they can placed, require good wind flow, and take up land space. With this being a newer technology advancements in the field will only lead to a lower production cost and faster turn around times in the future. One of the most beneficial parts of the product are its environmentally friendliness. It has no harmful emissions, requires to external input, and takes up minimal space when compared to the vastness of the ocean. Threats Lastly there are the threats that are possible to look at. While this field is limited in competitors they are not the only ones currently in production of similar or different products that harness tidal energy. There is always the possibility of new form of tidal harvesting that could be discovered to have a much lower cost associated that would leave our product obsolete. Also there is a possibility of the larger power companies trying to gain a greater advantage by venturing into the tidal energy market, and if this was the case then we could not compete on a financial level with them. As for environmental concerns, while there is no emissions or pollution to speak of there are various oils and hydraulic fluids housed in the power plants. If they were to become damaged there is a possibility contaminating the ocean. Also different environmental groups are concerned that the introduction of our power plant on indigenous sea life. Mainly if they would still be able to inhabit the a rea surrounding said power plant or will be driven away. If the viability of our product does not pick up it is very possible that the initial costs will scare away the long-term gains of the our project. Overall there is quite a bit to consider in with this company. While the potential for growth in the field is quite great there are many unknown variables. It is possible that the high initial costs will be to great and overshadow the chance for the product to develop to a common use stage. Based on the SWOT analysis conducted I dont feel that continuing this product at the this time is wise. With the development of new technologies and better integration into the current system their exists the chance for a re-examination at a later date. References Dess, G. G.,Lumpkin, G. T., Eisner, A. B. (2010). Strategic management creating competitive advantages, (5th Ed.). New, York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Humphrey, A. S. (August 2004). SWOT Analysis. http://www.businessballs.com/. Retrieved January 16, 2014, from http://www.businessballs.com/. Ocean Power Technologies. (2002). Retrieved from http://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/ January 16, 2014. Renault, V. (2013). SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. ctb.ku.edu. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from ctb.ku.edu.

Lord of the Flies: Fear of the Unknown Essay example -- William Goldin

A distressing emotion aroused by impending evil and pain, whether the threat is real or imagined is described as fear. Fear is what William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies encompasses. By taking three major examples from the novel, fear will be considered on different levels: Simon’s having no instance of fear, Ralph’s fear of isolation on the island, and Jack’s fear of being powerless. Fear can make people behave in ways that are foreign to them, whether their fear is real or imagined. In response to fear, people may act defensively by attacking, fear can either stop one from doing something, or it can make one behave in an irrational erratic manner. On contrary from all the other boys on the island Simon, a Christ like figure in the novel, did not fear the ‘beastie’ or the unknown. â€Å"Maybe there is a beast....maybe it's only us† Simon explained. (p. 97) The fear of the unknown in the novel contributes to the boys’ terror of the beast, the beast is an imaginary figure which lays in all of the boys’ minds and haunts them. Golding uses the beast as a symbol of the evil that exists in every creature. "You knew, didn't you? I'm part of you? Close, close close! I'm the reason why it's no go? Why things are the way they are?" The sow head announced to Simon to be the â€Å"lord of the flies†. The â€Å"lord of the flies† is a figure of the devil, and brings out all the evil and fear in people. It wants you to fear it, but if you don’t believe in the â€Å"lord of the flies† nothing can happen to you. Therefore Simon didn’t fall into the trap, but the beast killed him, meaning the other boys on the island did. Simon discovered that the beast is in fact just a dead parachute man before he died and ran down to tell the boys about his finding. When Sim... ...t. By physically punishing the boys, they will fear Jack, so they will obey him "We’ve got to have rules and obey them" (P.47). In closing, fear can make people act in ways that are unfamiliar to them, whether their fear is valid or imaginary. In reply to fear, people may act defensively by being violent, fear can either stop one from doing something, or it can make one behave in an absurd unpredictable behaviour. As revealed, fear is demonstrated in the â€Å"Lord of the Flies† in three major ways: Simon’s lack of fear, Ralph’s fear of being isolated, and Jacks vast fear of being over powered by Ralph. Evil and fear is brought to the island by the boys themselves believed Golding. The world will essentially always have the same problem until every human being on the earth is unblemished, until there is no more evil or fear in the world. Obviously fear isn’t over rated.

Cultural Ethnography, Schein’s Model Essay

Introduction: Cingular Wireless is the largest wireless company in the United States. The company boasts the largest voice and data network and over 58 million customers. In 2004, Cingular generated over $32 billion in revenue. Cingular is owned by AT&T Inc. and Bell South. Cingular‟s vision is, â€Å"To be the most highly regarded wireless company in the world, with a driving focus around best-in-class sales and service† (Cingular, 2006, p.1). The corporation values customers, integrity, performance, teamwork, and its employees The goal of this study was to reveal the organizational culture of Cingular Wireless at a retail sales location. To help determine the culture, this study focused on what is the nature of work for Cingular Wireless sales consultants, and how do employees identify themselves within the corporation according to Edgar Schein‟s models of organizational culture. To guide this study, several aspects of employment at Cingular were studied includin g employee daily routines, flexibility, expectations, and the relationships between managers, sales representatives, and customers. To analyze Cingular, this study will be utilizing Edgar Schein‟s model of organizational cultures. â€Å"Edgar Schein is a management scholar and consultant interested in the role of leaders in the development and maintenance of organizational culture† (Miller, 2006, p. 105). Schein (1992) believes that culture can be studied in levels, which are the degrees to which the culture is visible to observers. His three levels include artifacts, espoused values, and basic underlying assumptions. According to Miller, artifacts are the most obvious in Schein‟s model which consist of the architecture, furniture, technology, dress, written documents, art, forms of address, communication during meets and decision-making styles. (Miller, 2006, p. 107108). â€Å"The problem with artifacts is that they are palpable but hard to decipher accurately. We know how we react to them, but that is not a reliable indicator of how members of the organization react† (Schein, 1990, p. 111-112). The second level of culture Schein recognizes is that of espoused values. Schein‟s espoused values are, â€Å"the articulated, publicly announced principles and values that the group claims to be trying to achieve† (Schein, 1992, p. 9). Schein (1990) believes that the values, ideologies, and norms can be found using interviews, questionnaires, and surveys. Schein believes that, â€Å"Open-ended interviews can be very useful in getting at this level of how people feel and think† (Schein, 1990, p. 112). The third and most difficult level of culture for observers to witness is that of basic assumptions. Miller (2006) believes that members of the group can rarely articulate these basic values since they are a natural part of their daily lives, making the basic assumptions even more difficult for observers to see. From Schein‟s models and definitions it is apparent that the Schein views, â€Å"culture as a complex pattern of assumptions, values, behaviors, and artifacts† (Miller, 2006, p. 111). Schein (1990) believes that through intense observation and the involvement of motivated employees usually unconscious assumptions and perceptions can be discovered about the organizations culture. Schein states, â€Å"Working with motivated insiders is essential because only they can bring to the surface their own underlying assumptions and articulate how they basically perceive the world around them† (Schein, 1990, p. 112). In addition to these three basic levels this study will also utilize the ten major categories Schein uses to help define an organization‟s culture. These will include (Schein, 1992).: 1. Observed behavioral regularities when people interact 2. Group Norms 3. Espoused values 4. Formal philosophy 5. Rules of the Game 6. Climate 7. Embedded skills 8. Habits of thinking, mental models, and/or linguistic paradigms 9. Shared meanings 10. â€Å"Root metaphors† or integrating symbols Although Schein‟s models are widely applied and studied, areas of disagreement with his methods include how much time is actually required to reveal the levels of an organization‟s culture. How many participants are needed to properly assess the culture, and if bias affects the review of an organization also can all hinder the accuracy of a study based off of Schein‟s model. To conduct this study eight of Schein‟s ten major categories were incorporated. The first, observed behavioral regularities are the languages, rituals, traditions and routines of employees. The second category is espoused values which are publicly known goals of the group. The third category is the formal philosophy which is company policies and interactions with customers. The fourth category will be the rules of the game which are the things new employees must learn to fit in. Embedded skills and shared meanings will be the fifth and sixth categories incorporated into this study. These are the necessary skills to do the job and how the employees have similar meanings for certain things. Finally, the basic assumptions will be the eighth category incorporated into the study of the organizational culture of Cingular Wireless. (Schein, 1992) Methodology: To discover how Cingular fits into Schein‟s categories of organizational culture a method f participant observation will be used including observing daily routines, employee interactions amongst themselves and customers, and participating as a member of the Cingular staff at a retail store location. This ethnographic approach is influenced by an article Esteban, Hirt and McGuire. The article incorporated Schein‟s model in a study on â€Å"The Work Life of Student Service Professionals at Rural Community Colleges. The article was helpful in the organization of this study as well as an example of different methods of conducting the study itself. (Esteban, 2003). Applying Schein‟s Model To Cingular Wireless-7 For this study, information from Cingular Wireless was collected including orientation information, employee handbooks, daily forms and corporate publications. In addition, the company owned retail store at Marley Station Mall in Glen Burnie, Maryland was extensively observed and studied. The store has a manager, three full-time employees, and one part-time employee that were interviewed as well. These methods are being used because they will provide a window for gaining insight into the culture of Cingular Wireless. These methods will reveal the way the organizational culture is shaped by the management, employees, and corporate headquarters. The methods are better than others in this situation because it will allow the study to examine a variety of aspects rather than only one or two. Participants: Jason Celani, 34, has been the manager of the Marley Station store since its opening in the fall of 2005. Celani was a former AT&T employee and has been in the wireless industry for about 8 years. His job consists of scheduling staff, ordering products, conducting inventory checks, reporting to a regional manager, conducting weekly meetings, and attending training sessions. Jason loves technology and enjoys reading about new products in his spare time. (J. Celani, Personal Communication, 11/06/2006). Tracy Corcoran, 39, is a full-time employee that has been in the wireless industry for 6 years. Previously Corcoran was also an AT&T employee. He is the senior sales representative at the Marley Station store and is not very interested in new technology. Tracy is hoping to get out of the wireless industry within the next few years. (T. Corcoran, Personal Communcation, 10/28/2006). Is a part-time college student that has been working at the Marley Station store since March 2006. She enjoys having the newest phone on the market and loves being able to get her email wherever she goes. She has no previous experience in the wireless industry. (L. Andes-Miller, Personal Communication, 10/27/2006). Chuck Payne is the newest full-time employee at the store. Payne is 20 years old and a former radio broadcaster for a gospel station in the Washington D.C. area. Payne has never worked in the wireless industry but also enjoys getting new phones when they come out. Payne began his employment in late July of 2006. (C. Payne, Personal Communication, 11/01/2006). Alejandro Quant is the only part-time employee observed and interviewed at the Marley Station store. Quant, 21, is a full-time student at the University of Maryland. Quant is valuable to the location because of previous job experience with T Mobile, another wireless provider and also because he is bilingual. He speaks both Spanish and English. (A. Quant, Personal Communication, 11/05/2006). The participants were all observed and interviewed and the way in which they interacted was noted. They were asked about likes and dislikes, daily operations, and if they saw a future within the company. This study was conducted at the Cingular Wireless at Marley Station by a parttime employee that has been with the company since June 2006. As an embedded observer internal access to the organizational culture of the Cingular store was gained. The research for this ethnography also benefited because as an employee the basic workings of the company was easily accessible, the other employees are not uncomfortable interacting with me, and access to internal documents and meetings was possible. The goals of this ethnography are to gain a better understanding of the basic assumptions of the organization. The representatives studied work long hours and they have a good grasp on the organizational culture of Cingular. To bracket avoid bias in this study observations and interviews were conducted off the clock. Time was spent observing the employees out on the sales floor and also via the security cameras located in the office. Also to avoid bias, interviews were conducted outside of the work environment at local restaurants. They were not conducted during or after scheduled shifts. Materials: A variety of materials and sources will be used to support this study. This will include orientation and training documents, internal employee handbooks, external documents, interviews with employees, and on site observations. Analysis of Data: To analyze the data collected in the study of Cingular Wireless at Marley Station Mall this portion will be organized according to eight of Schein‟s categories utilized for this study. They will be supported using internal and external documents, observations, and employee interviews. Artifacts: The Marley Station Cingular store had a plethora of easily observable artifacts. The most apparent was the colors and logo of Cingular all over the store. There was no furniture and a very linear floor pan. In general all of the staff members said that they disliked the floor plan because standing all day got tiring and it was hard to maneuver around the store when it got crowded because it was small and the counter‟s linear design made it impossible to get around each other. The colors of orange and blue were on most signs and popular slogans such as â€Å"raising the bar,† â€Å"roll over minutes,† and â€Å"All over network† were visible all over the store. The floor plan pushed what Cingular refers to as its advantages over other wireless carriers. Cingular shirts and name tags were the next most obvious artifact. All of the employees wear Cingular branded shirts and a name tag on the right hand side. Cingular has a contract with Lands End clothing company to customize what the company refers to as its â€Å"Team Colors.† (See Appendix A) Each employee is allowed $125 for their spring wardrobe and $175 for their fall and winter uniforms. Specific vocabulary and language is very obvious at the store. Celani often sends text-messages to all of his employees at the end of the business day and he refers to them collectively as â€Å"team.† When a representative has customers come in, they are referred to as an â€Å"opportunity,† and extras that can be added onto a calling plan are referred to as a â€Å"bolt-on† (J. Celani, Personal Communication, 11/01/2006). Cingular boasts that it has the largest product variety in the wireless industry. The store itself has a large amount of products on the wall which are referred to as „live.‟ This means that the phones are in working condition and the customers can try them out in the stores. â€Å"At de alers the phones on the walls are dummies, customers can‟t try them out† said Andes-Miller (L. Andes-Miller, Personal Communication, 10/27/2006). There is a large amount of documentation conducted at Cingular Wireless stores. Every morning a form titled â€Å"Non-Negotiable Standards† is filled out by employees. (See Appendix B) This is a check list of standards such as cleanliness, work attire, and merchandise that is to be completed before the store opens. â€Å"The non-negotiables are like getting a cup of coffee in the morning, we all are used to doing them,† said Corcoran (T.Corcoran, Personal Communication, (10/28/2006). Every time a representative makes a sale or adds on to a customers account they are also required to mark it on the â€Å"Daily Sales Record† sheet. (See Appendix C) Observed Behavioral Regularities: Cingular has what they refer to as a six step sales process. (See Appendix D) Each employee is introduced to this on their first day of new-hire training, which is a program that introduces new employees to the Cingular way of selling. According to this process each customer is to be greeted within 10 feet/10 seconds of entering the store. The representatives at the Marley Station store do this without thinking. Also included in this process is building value for the customer, offering solutions, asking for the sale, educating the customer, and thanking the customer. In addition to a set sales process each representative knows to sell what is referred to as â€Å"The Cingular Advantage.† (See Appendix D) All of the representatives are required to have skills on a computer system called Opus. This is the computer system which allows the representatives access, create, and change accounts. â€Å"Opus is much easier to use than past systems,† said veteran employee Corcoran, â€Å"It freezes but we all know how to deal with it. Each of us uses the same system and procedures every day to work on and verify accounts† (T. Corcoran, Personal Communication, 10/28/2006). Every employee realizes that they must attend a meeting every Friday morning before the store opens. At this meeting the floor plan is discussed, scheduling is worked out, and any other issues are brought up. The communication between the employees and the managers is very informal. Everyone has a chance to speak and the staff knows that once all business is completed they will go out to breakfast. It is very obvious that Cingular‟s first level of organizational culture, the artifacts, is prevalent through out the store. Employees have a common vocabulary specific to their work, they have uniforms, a system for selling and a store that advertises what the company is all about, being the best wireless provider. Espoused Values: The team at the Marley Station Cingular store is constantly striving to achieve goals which are advertised by the wireless company. While working with customers the sales representatives know that they need to promote the Cingular Advantages. The Cingular Advantages include the best technology, great value, best products and services, newest handsets, and the most convenient services. (See Appendix D) â€Å"Orientation and training pounds these ideas into our heads from the first day we have our jobs,† said Quant. â€Å"Cingular has high standards that we all must uphold† (A. Quant, Personal Communication, 11/05/2006). To ensure that the representatives uphold the values of the company Cingular sends out mystery shoppers to each store at least once a month to make sure that the representatives are selling in accordance to Cingular policy. The mystery shoppers have a checklist and grade the representatives. (See Appendix E) The company also makes what it values available to the general public. On its website Cingular lists its goals and core values, as well as their definitions and what the values mean to the company. (See Appendix F) Basic Assumptions: The basic assumptions and values of Cingular wireless are hard to observe as both an outsider and as an employee initially. After extensive observation, job experience, and interviews there are some basic assumptions that surface. The first is that the organization values employees that are „hungry.‟ If it is a slow day at the store employees print out flyers and distribute them to local business or make calls to customers asking how their service is going in hopes of adding onto their plans. These behaviors are highly praised by the manager of the store for being innovative and going above and beyond the job description. An example of this is employees distributing flyers outside of their scheduled hours for events such as â€Å"Friends and Family Day,† which gives customers extra discounts for coming in on designated dates. (See Appendix G) Unlike many full-time workers that have benefits the employees of the Marley Station store expect to work nights and weekends. If an employee begins to gripe about working these hours the other employees tend to remind them that that is just the way things are. Finally, all employees seem to understand that they are expendable by the company and do not question quotas, paperwork, or seemingly superfluous procedures that waste time and do not make sense. New employees tend to learn quickly the way are and solutions that have been turned into operational policies. All staff members know to let a customer know that not all phone numbers may be successfully transferred when they upgrade their phone but they will do their best. Very rarely are numbers unable to be transferred but employees know the steps necessary to cover themselves in case rare things actually happen. â€Å"I didn‟t understand half the stuff when I started working here, I thought that Friday morning meetings were stupid, and I did not want to be here at 9am on Saturdays. Now I just how things are, I didn‟t realize that those things were a part of Cingular‟s culture. I didn‟t even know Cingular had a culture, but I guess that makes sense,† said Payne (C. Payne, Personal Communication, 11/01/2006). Conclusion: This study tried to examine the organizational culture of Cingular Wireless in relation to Schein‟s model and his levels of artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions. The study would have been improved if there was an employee in the process of leaving the company that an exit interview could have been conducted on. This would have benefited the study because it would probably have uncovered some downfalls of the culture of Cingular. The next step and question in this study would have been to compare the employee experiences at the Marley Station Mall store to employees at a stand-alone store or at a kiosk to see if their experiences were any different. Finally, the implication of this study on later discussions of the corporation is that this study provides a solid base for a person trying to research this wireless provider in the Washington D.C./Baltimore market. References Cingular Wireless. (2006). About us- Cingular at a glance. Atlanta, GA: Retrieved on †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.November 8, 2006 from http://cingular.com/about/ Cingular Wireless. (Spring 2006). 2006 COR team colors program guide. Atlanta, GA. Cingular Wireless. (2005). Expectations: Selling the Cingular advantage. (Cingular †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦publication, CGL-PT-PG-050605). Atlanta, GA. Esteban, R., Hirt, J., McGuire, L.(2003). Editor’s choice: The worklife of student service †¦ professionals at rural community colleges [Electronic version]. Community College †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Review. Retrieved November 8, 2006 from †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0hcz/is_1_31/ai_107200755. Johnson, D. (2000) The Corporate Culture Survival Guide. (Review). In Journal of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Leadership Studies, 7, p111. Retrieved November 8, 2006, from Academic Onefile †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦via Thompson Gale: http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Documents&type=retrieve&tablD=T002&prodld=AONE&dcld+a65538125&source. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦=gale&usergroupname=aacc. Miller, K. (2006). Organizational communication: Approaches and processes (4th ed.) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Schein, E. (1993). On Dialogue, culture, and organizational learning. (Special issue on †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the Learning Organization). In Organizational Dynamics, 22, p40 (12). Retrieved †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.November 8, 2006, from via Thomson Gale: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC- Applying Schein‟s Model To Cingular Wireless-16 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Documents&type=retrieve&tablD=T002&prodld=AONE&dcld+a14606098&source. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦=gale&usergroupname=aacc Schein, E. (1990). Organizational Culture. American Psychologist, Vol. 45 (No.2), p. ,,,,,,,,,,111-113). Schein, E. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.) San Francisco, Ca: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Josey-Bass Publishers.

How to Survive a Winter Storm or Blizzard

How to Survive a Winter Storm or Blizzard Knowing how to survive a blizzard or other winter storm is a crucial, (though hopefully unused) bit of knowledge everyone should know. There are multiple types of winter storms and each can be deadly killers.  Imagine being snowed in  or being stranded in a car during a blizzard. Would you know how to survive? This advice could save your life. How to Survive a Winter Storm Outside: Seek some form of shelter immediately. Blowing winds can cause the wind chill to reduce your core body temperature to dangerous levels. The risk of frostbite and hypothermia increase every minute you are exposed to the cold weather.If you are wet, try to get dry. Lighting a small fire will not only provide warmth but will enable your clothing to dry out.Deep snow can actually act as an insulation from the wind and cold temperatures. Digging a snow cave can actually save your life.Stay hydrated, but DO NOT eat snow.  (Because your body must heat the ice in order to melt it into water, youd actually lose heat.) If you do get your water from snow, make sure to melt it before  drinking it. (For example, use  a heating source or indirect body heat like a canteen inside your coat, but not directly next to your  skin.)   In a Car or Truck: Never leave your  vehicle. If you are stranded, it will offer  a form of protection from overexposure to the cold. A single person walking through the snow is also harder to find than a stranded car or truck.It is okay to run the car for short periods to provide some heat. Remember to crack the windows a small amount to allow for the circulation of fresh air. Dangerous exhaust fumes, including carbon monoxide, can build up very quickly. This is especially true if the tailpipe is buried in the snow.Keep yourself moving. A car offers little room for you to keep your blood flowing, but exercise is a must. Clap your hands, stomp your feet, and move around as much as possible at least once an hour. In addition to keeping your body moving, keep your mind and spirit from getting down, depressed, or overly stressed.Make the car visible for a rescue. Hang bits of bright colored cloth or plastic from the windows. If the snow has stopped falling, open the hood of the car as a signal of dist ress. At Home: If the electricity goes out, use an alternative form of heat with caution. Fireplaces and kerosene heaters can be dangerous without proper ventilation. Keep children away from any alternative heat source.Stick to one room for heat and close off unnecessary rooms in the house. Make sure there are no air leaks in the room. Keep sunlight streaming through the windows in the day, but cover  all windows at night to keep warm air in and cold outside air out.Keep hydrated and nourished in case the heat is out for an extended period of time. An unhealthy body will be more susceptible to the cold than a healthy one.Pets must also be protected from the cold. When temperatures drop below freezing, outdoor pets should be moved indoors or to a sheltered area to protect them from the cold. Other Tips for Winter Weather Safety Always have a winter weather emergency kit available. While these can be purchased, its always best to  create your own emergency kit for your home and your car to tailor it to the weather hazard. If you have small children, remember to actually practice using the kits. In the event of a winter emergency, kids should know where the kit is located and how to use it. In addition to having a winter safety kit, all family members should be able to recognize the signs of hypothermia and basic first aid treatment for cold exposure. Finally, if your region is prone to winter storms of any type, consider buying  a weather radio so that no matter youre always plugged into the latest forecast. Multiple types of winter weather advisories each have their own dangers. You might  also like to check out these additional winter weather resources: 5 Ways to Keep Warm in Cold Winter WeatherWinter precipitation: snow, sleet, and freezing rainWhat is a noreaster?Whats a lake effect snowstorm? Updated by Tiffany Means References A Guide to Survival from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - National Weather Service Warning and Forecast Branch,  November 1991 NOAA/FEMA/The American Red Cross

Complete Guide on How to Write a Top-Notch International Trade Research Paper

Complete Guide on How to Write a Top-Notch International Trade Research Paper Introduction: General Concepts of International Trade Research Paper The International Trade research paper is a type of academic writing that is based on the prolonged and well-developed research of the author. Since International Trade is a discipline that has become one of the leading topics of discussion in both domestic and global political arenas in the recent years, it provides a great number of captivating topics to be researched. For that reason, it is possible for you to conduct research on one of the issues related to International Trade and make its thorough analysis. In addition, you are expected to present a personal evaluation of the chosen issue, make its comprehensive analysis, and discuss all the final findings. It is important for you to remember that International Trade is one of the most significant elements for the economy of many world countries. A considerable number of the studies related to this subject prove the fact that trade relations between different states have been a decisive economic factor for the large empires, various countries, and even small settlements for many centuries. Nowadays, it is crucial for the world states as the modern international economic relations are interested in developing their trade routes more than ever. Another important feature is that International Trade can force the development of international relations, provide interdependence between the countries, and force the development of both national and international economies. Thus, it is possible for you to write your International Trade research paper as the ordinary research of the particular topic or present it as a literary work with a purpose of creating a significant ground for the other wor ks in the future, would it be a thesis or a dissertation paper. The paper can also discuss relations between international trade and technological progress, its significant influence on transportation costs and communication services, related policies, the flow of goods, and various political and economic barriers. Each of these topics provides a great field for research. That is why, it is crucial for you to practice your research and writing skills, and consider easy and useful tips on how to create the well-developed and interesting International Trade research paper. Guiding You through the Process of Selecting a Research Topic Before starting the research paper, it is necessary to choose a topic. Choosing a topic may be considered the most important step as it sets the tone for the whole paper. For that reason, you should choose a captivating issue to discover that would allow you to conduct the effective research, find out new information, and evaluate it thoroughly. The topic may represent one particular area or discuss several small issues. Because International Trade represents a significant section of economic globalization, it provides a great number of topics to choose from. Thus, the controversies between interest groups and various groups of activists present an excellent discussion topic about trade policies, their advantages, disadvantages, and general influence on the global society and environment. Next, many companies that are export-oriented and obtaining significant profit. However, this approach puts pressure upon various international and local liberalization agreements that are in turn a nother topic that worth discussion. In addition, it is a well-known fact that domestically oriented companies do not support the development of the liberalization of trade and increase the influence of the WTO, and numerous regional trade contracts. This issue also presents a great topic to examine and evaluate as it has a straightforward influence on the development of international and local economies. It is important to remember that the primary goal of the International Trade research paper is to introduce a considerable and valuable theoretical discussion related to international trade, to provide numerous pieces of evidence, to mention recent events, decisions, and implementations, and to make a personal conclusion or to suggest new approaches to the chosen issue. While choosing the topic, pay attention to the themes that you are interested in as it would be much easier for you to conduct research and work on the paper. Besides, if you are interested in the topic, you are highly motivated to bring personal efforts and enthusiasm to discover the related information and think of your own conclusions. Despite the variety of the topics, it may appear to be quite difficult to choose a proper one. Thus, to make the right decision, focus your thoughts on one of International Trade issues and gradually develop it into the large and well-written paper. Don’t forget that the chosen topic should be manageable. Otherwise, it would be quite difficult for you to find valuable information and evaluate it properly. Here are some useful tips to make the process of choosing the topic for your International Trade research paper much easier: Look through the notes you made during the course and remember the subjects discussed in the books you were recommended to read. It is a great way for you to think of an interesting topic; Brainstorm the themes by remembering all the significant and captivating issues you have dealt with during the course. Thus, you will remember an interesting and suitable theme you want to discover; Think of the keywords of the topic and make a list of all the words you can remember. This approach allows you to discover a number of related themes, issues, and definitions, and develop a good topic; Research the answer to the research question and develop your topic from the obtained information; The thesis statement is another way to choose a topic. Usually, it already includes the answer to the research question and explains the object of your International Trade research paper. That is why it can be used as a topic as well. Finally, it is possible to develop one of the following topics: International Taxations and Their Impact on the International Trade; Impact of the Globalization Trends on the Tax Design; The Similarities and Differences Between Management Practices Across Companies in Different Countries; Comparative Analysis of the American and Chinese Trade Systems; Comparative Analysis of Wages and Employment in the United States of America and China; International Migrants and Their Selection by Global Companies; Analysis of Advantages and Disadvantages of the American Wage Structure. The Pre-Writing Process: Stages Activities Our Writers Use The Research Stage of Writing The next step after choosing a topic is to search for the related information, evaluate it properly, and make some conclusions. You may start by checking the available resources on the Internet. They include different databases, a lot of background information provided by reliable sources, and professional opinions of different well-known and respected specialists. In order to write the well-constructed International Trade research paper, discover all the possible information about the countries you are about to examine. Take into account the economic situation in the countries, their political stability, different social and cultural issues, and the most significant controversies to be solved in the nearest future. It is important to remember that economic background is one of the most important features for the field of International Trade. For that reason, discover GDP of the chosen countries, their financial debt, and purchasing capacity of the average resident. You should also surf the net searching for a number of peer-reviewed articles that are traditionally published in specialized journals. What is more, there are many credible journals, official reports, and other online sources where you can obtain background information. You can go to the local library and find books that include detailed information about International Trade, its major issues, and implemented decisions. Using the book as a source, pay attention to the year of publication as information published many years ago is usually irrelevant. Instead, use the sources published recently, and be sure that all the data you use has been collected recently. Finally, bookmark the most interesting and valuable materials while searching for information in the library and on the Internet to save them. Put down the titles of the books and articles, their authors, and dates of publication as they are required for a reference list. Creating a Thesis Statement A thesis statement is the core element of the paper as it presents the main purpose of the academic work, explains its primary arguments and gives the comprehensive answer to the research question. For that reason, the arguments in your paper should be grounded on the peer-reviewed sources that include relevant data. According to the traditional structure of the research paper, the thesis statement should include one well-developed sentence that transmits the message of the whole paper. An excellent example of a thesis statement for the International Trade research paper is the following: â€Å"Because separate companies usually depend on each other and rely on the facilities of each other, either a manufacturer of different products or a customer for their particular production, a developing financial stocks tend to affect separate firms and obtain control over the productive chains.† Making an Outline that Makes Sense The International Trade research paper usually includes: a title page that corresponds to the required format of the paper; an abstract (optional); an introduction part; three or more well-developed body paragraphs; the research materials and methods; the final results; the conclusion; the reference page. In addition, the paper may include additional information that cannot be added to the mentioned sections. Thus, all the tables, photos, pictures, and appendices should be added at the end of the work and followed by short explanations, if necessary. If it is quite challenging for you to write a paper from scratch, create an outline that would help you to organize your ideas and present them in an understandable and logical order. According to the general outline, your introduction part should include a thesis statement, explain the purpose of the paper, and mention discovered results. In addition, the body paragraphs should evaluate the mentioned arguments, and a conclusion should restate the thesis and present the final results. Title/Thesis Statement/Body Paragraphs It is important to remember that your International Trade research paper should have a clear title that is not overwhelmed with many words and a comprehensive introduction that includes a thesis statement and provides interesting information that grasps the attention of the audience. Next, it should include three or more body paragraphs that provide the arguments of the author and are supported by facts and pieces of evidence. Connect the paragraphs with transitional words to make it complete and stylistically appropriate. In the concluding section of the paper, you should mention all the sufficient claims and convince the readers of their validity. Post-Writing Stage: Round up the Paper with Something Powerful When the paper is accomplished, it is necessary to check it for misspellings. In addition, it should not contain irrelevant words, citations and wordy sentences. Every paragraph of your paper should present a separate argument and lead the reader to a logical conclusion. What is more, all the arguments should be supported with facts and quotes that must be cited according to the required format. Read the paper once more. This time do it aloud and check it for content errors to ensure the quotes correspond to the general idea of the paragraph. Check the facts thoroughly since the wrong data can affect the final results of the paper and put all your efforts in vain. If the structure of the paper is appropriate and the text is formatted according to the demands, check the text for plagiarism and cite borrowed information. Following these easy and understandable international trade research paper writing tips will allow you to write the excellent International Trade research paper that will be marked with the highest grade. References International Trade Research Paper. (2018). Retrieved from https://research-paper.essayempire.com/examples/political science/international-trade-research-paper/ McDonald, B. (2017). Finance Development. Retrieved from imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/trade.htm NBER Papers on International Trade and Investment. (2018). Retrieved from nber.org/papersbyprog/ITI.html Research Guides: ECON 508/580 International Trade: Topics. (2018). Retrieved from https://guides.emich.edu/econ508 Topics in International Trade. (2012). Retrieved from https://gps.ucsd.edu/_files/faculty/hanson/hanson_research_spring2012c.pdf

Ancient Hunters Of the Great Plains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ancient Hunters Of the Great Plains - Essay Example Similarly, the changes resulted into extinction of most of the megafauna’s of North America. Therefore, it is inherent that extinction is a natural evolutionary development. The change in climate implied that the culture of Indian people rather than the ancient hunters of the Great Plains had to change in order for them to cope with the new environment. The most notable cultural adaptation included the Folsom cultural complex. Folsom archaeological site in New Mexico formed the basis of Folsom cultural complex. The evidence is based on a spear that was entrenched in an ancient bison had been excavated. Geographical distribution of Folsom culture was identified to spread eastward from Rocky Mountains across the vast of Great Plains (Wood 51). In addition, the culture spread from North Dakota to Mexico. Bison hunting formed the basis of Folsom people lifestyle. Socially, the ancient hunters of the Great Plains inhabited small bands that comprised of at least twenty members. Inte raction between these people involved socialization and trade. Nevertheless, it is notable that they lived a nomadic lifestyle since they travelled areas that provided them with opportunities for hunting. Inhabitation of the Great Plains with bisons during the Ice age was attributable to their survival characteristics. Bisons had adapted to short grass that had dominated the region during the postglacial times. ... The Agate Basin in Eastern Wyoming is one of the bison-killing sites that I was interested in due to its aesthetical nature. Apart from bison killing, the site shows some form of planning. Natural topographical features such as Arroyos formed the basis of Buffalo trapping. The terrain enabled the hunters to trap large numbers of animals. In addition, it provided the hunters with an opportunity to involve few people in the exercise, based on the archaeological remains, the hunters speared some of their prays that tried to escape from the traps rather than the Arroyo while some were held till they delivered in order to ensure good supply of meat. Since hunting was practiced during winter, only chosen parts of the animals were taken while the rest was frozen until the onset of warm weather. Butchering of the beast was done at the kill sites where the meat was cut into large pieces for transportation. Weight reduction involved removal of the femur and the tibia. The Folsom people are ref erred to as successful hunters because of their great knowledge in their environment and bisons (Wood 123). According to archaeologists, introduction of horses as a form of material culture in North America by the Spaniards had remarkable influence on the plains Indians. In regards to Bison hunting, horses expanded the hunters range and increased the hunters’ carrying capacity. As a result, more bisons were slaughtered every year. Apart from its influence on hunting, other aspects of life were affected where by instability and imbalance emerged in the society. Since it violated the cultural values of the ancient Great Plain hunters, concern for the common welfare emerged.

Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation - Essay Example The avoiding style is uncooperative and unassertive, which might take the form of rescheduling an issue until a better period or withdrawing from it. The main conflict is never resolved or addressed. This model may be appropriate when a manager encounters a trivial issue. He might use this style to postpone the decision until a better time or withdraw from it. The potential ramification of overusing this model is that the main conflict may never be solved or addressed. When used reasonably, it might be appropriate, especially when there is no likelihood of winning. The competing style (also referred to as the win-lose approach) is uncooperative, assertive, and power-oriented model. An individual pursues his concerns at the expense of the other person to win position. A manager utilizing this style seeks establishing outcomes that would enrich him at the expense of the parties involved. This mode may be appropriate when there is a need of decisive action and hasty answers such as duri ng emergencies cases. It is applicable when confronting an unpopular action like cost cutting that demands crucial answers. When used too often, it may be unsuitable as one uses whatever means to defend his position without regarding other people’s feedback. ... However, it is not applicable when there is a conflict demanding a solving approach. Lastly, the collaborating style has high cooperativeness and assertiveness, often summarized as win-win scenario, and in this case, parties work towards accomplishing their desired goals and outcomes. This style is appropriate when there is a complex conflict and a high demand of having creative ideas of both parties. Nevertheless, this resolution style requires a lot of time in making the final decision. 2. What three (and only three) points of advice would you give to your best friend facing a negotiation? Or, stated differently, set forth how you would describe to your best friend the Getting To Yes model of negotiations knowing that he or she has not and will not read the book. In any event, be as specific as possible. (30 points) The Getting To Yes model of negotiations is applicable to collaborative negotiations established by William Ury and Roger Fisher. This model is helpful in negotiations as it detaches people from a conflict or a problem, separates positions from different interests, augments options for mutual gain, and looks for suitable standards. The first point to bear in mind is that the model is significant as it looks for multiple interests of others by asking various questions such as why in negotiation. Individual interest should go along with specific details and invite other parties to improve if they are not precise. The second point to keep in mind is that the model looks for appropriate standards by avoiding judgment. The criterion is based on fair procedures and standards without assumption and fixed policy. The third point: this mode enlarges creative problem solving as it evaluates possible options without evaluating personal ideas